Parenthetical Citations Guideline

A Format for Parenthetical Citations

 1. Both author and year included in text; no citation needed

 George Steiner asserted in 1971 that music and mathematics hold special status as amazing and uniquely  human endeavours.

 2. Citation with date only.

 Steiner (1971) assets that music and mathematics are two particularly amazing and uniquely human endeavours.

 3. Citation with author and date.

 One critic and essayist identifies music and mathematics as source of awe (Steiner, 1971).

 4. Citation with author, date and page number

 One critic and essayist argues that “ music and mathematics are among the pre-eminent wonders of the race”  (Steiner, 1971, p.50.)

 5. Citation without author but title of article.

 There is a simple and basic relationship between mathematics and music where both stimulates the mind and soul ( Music and the soul, Sept.1991).

 6. Citation using the author’s quotation from another source (quote within a quote)

 According to Dr. Stevens, music and mathematics has a unique combination that stimulates one’s intellect and creativity (qtd. in Steiner, 1971. p.52).

 7. Citation from an encyclopaedia.

 In 1852, the first extensive research on the effects of music on man was executed (Encyclopaedia Americana, 1971).

 8. Citation from the internet.

 Mathematicians and musicians have a special mind set that puts them in a class of their own (Music WEB, 1991).

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